How to Implement OnCreate Event for Delphi TFrame Object

TFrame is a container for components; it can be nested within forms or other frames. A frame, like a form, is a container for other components. Frames can be nested within forms or other frames, and they can be saved on the Component palette for easy reuse. Missing OnCreate Once you start using frames, youll note theres no OnCreate event you can use to initialize your frames. In short, the reason that a frame does not have a OnCreate event is there is no good time to fire the event. However, by overriding the Create method you can mimic the OnCreate event. After all, the OnCreate for Forms gets fired at the end of the Create constructor — so overriding Create for Frames is as having the OnCreate event. Heres the source code of a simple frame exposing a public property and overriding the Create constructor: unit WebNavigatorUnit;interface uses   Ã‚  Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, Classes,   Ã‚  Graphics, Controls, Forms, Dialogs, StdCtrls; type   Ã‚  TWebNavigatorFrame class(TFrame)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  urlEdit: TEdit;  Ã‚  private   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  fURL: string;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  procedure SetURL(const Value: string) ;  Ã‚  public   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  constructor Create(AOwner: TComponent) ; override;  Ã‚  published   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  property URL : string read fURL write SetURL;  Ã‚  end;implementation{$R *.dfm} constructor TWebNavigatorFrame.Create(AOwner: TComponent) ;begin   Ã‚  inherited Create(AOwner) ;   //OnCreate code   Ã‚  URL : http://delphi.about.com; end;procedure TWebNavigatorFrame.SetURL(const Value: string) ;begin   Ã‚  fURL : Value;   Ã‚  urlEdit.Text : Value; end;end. The WebNavigatorFrame acts as a website launcher hosting an edit and a button control. Note: if you are new to frames, make sure you read the following two articles: visual component development using frames, replacing tabsheets with frames.

The Debate Over Stem Cells - 1144 Words

According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, ethical is defined as â€Å"pertaining to or dealing with morals or the principles of morality.† Whereas, unethical is defined as â€Å"lacking moral principles or unwilling to adhere to proper rules of conduct† (Dictionary). The topic of ethicality is often hotly debated in all aspects of society. As medicine and science begin to rapidly advance each day, the use of stem cells, in regards to research, is becoming extraordinarily prevalent. I believe that the use of stem cells is unethical to a certain extent. Stem cells are cells that are able to renew themselves as well as the ability to generate specialized cells. Scientists refer to these tiny, magnificent cells as stem cells because many different types of cells can stem from them. Stem cells have the ability to develop into other cell types that mature into cells that have specialized functions. For example, stem cells can progress into heart, skin, or nerve cells (Kelly 4). The two main stem cells used in research are embryonic stem cells and somatic stem cells (â€Å"Stem Cells†). Embryonic stem cells are taken from human blastocysts, which is a very early human embryo (â€Å"Stem Cells†). At this stage, the blastocyst has only been fertilized for five to ten days and consists of just one hundred to two hundred cells (Boston Children s Hospital). A common misconception regarding the derivation of embryonic stem cells is that they are derived from eggs fertilized in the woman’s bodyShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Over Stem Cells2008 Words   |  9 PagesHave you ever wondered what stem cells are and why they are important? Have you heard that stem cells are controversial but do not know why? Scientists have been studying stem cells and their ability to regenerate tissues in the body for years. Having the body regenerate itself is not as crazy as it once sounded. Stem cells are very small, immature cells in the human body that are capable of becoming many types of cells. Researchers have been able to find different applications in treating theRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cells1159 Words   |  5 Pagesdiabetes? These are just a few examples of the diseases that stem cells can treat. A stem cell is a cell that has the potential to mutate into many different types of cells in the body. Ever since stem cells were discovered, they have gained popularity and started to spark interest in scientists all across the world. Today there is a vigorous battle on the ethics, legalization, and experimentation of stem cells. Although stem cells are still being highly debated, they can open new doors in theRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research936 Words   |  4 PagesStem cell research is full of controversy with a million different opinions on each side of the argument. In this essay, the â€Å"pro† side will be viewed and discussed. The background, the pros, the experiments and other information will be deliberated. Hopefully by the end of the composition, one will understand the benefits of stem cell research. In the early 1900s, Alexander A. Maximow was the first to actually use the term â€Å"stem cell† when he discovered the cell. He was a Russian-American physicianRead MoreThe Debate Over Embryonic Stem Cells851 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Over 100 million Americans suffer from diseases that eventually may be treated more effectively or even cured with embryonic stem cell therapy. Some researchers regard this as the greatest potential for the alleviation of human suffering since the advent of antibiotics† (White). However, not everybody agrees with this. While embryonic stem cells offer much hope for medical advancement because of their ability to grow into almost any kind of cell, the moral debate of the destruction of an embryoRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research1027 Words   |  5 PagesStem cell research is the study of basic cells that are grown in laboratories where tests are made to determine the essential properties of the cells. Over the past few decades , stem cell research has become a popular scientific debate and controversy. Stem cell research is still considered to be relatively new technology that is responsible for taking human cells and developing them into 220 different cells in the human body. Stem cell research has the potential to help disease research and managementRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research1196 Words   |  5 Pagesa major controversy over the topic of stem cell research. It seems to be that the main controversy when it comes to the topic of stem cell research is an ethical debate, and because of this it seems that the side opposing stem cell research always wins due to their use of pathos when it comes to their argument. I personally do not side with those against the idea of stem cell research because I believe that the pros outweigh the cons when you break it down this way. Stem cell research could be theRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cells And Cloning1398 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Stem cells and cloning are very controversial today. There are debates and arguments about it all over the internet. The idea of stem cells is to use them to help cure and prevent diseases. You can use embryonic and adult stem cells. That’s one of the reasons people argue about it, because it kills the potential life of the embryo. [Stem Cells and Cloning] Stem cells and cloning is very controversial in today s society. Some people believe it’s not a good idea because it destroysRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe stem cell controversy has been going on for many years. The two basic controversies surrounding stem cell research is whether or not it is morally justifiable, and if stem cells will ever live up to the medical promises. Most of these controversies concern embryonic stem cells more than any other stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are unspecialized, but have the ability to divide and make specialized cells like muscles, nerves, and skin cells. These cells are found in the early stage of human developmentRead MoreThe Debate Over Embryonic Stem Cell Research1652 Words   |  7 PagesEmbryonic stem cell research could one day hold the key to many new scientific discoveries if it is continuously funded in the years to come. I chose to base my research around the question, Should embryo nic stem cell research be government funded? When I finish highschool I hope to pursue a career in the medical field. Although I wish to become a doctor and may not be directly researching stem cells, they may one day be a treatment that I will have to administer to patients. To answer this questionRead MoreThe Debate Over Embryonic Stem Cell Research1543 Words   |  7 PagesWhile embryonic stem cell research has been ongoing for more than 30 years, it has only become a controversial topic over the past decade. The embryonic stem cell was first isolated in 1981 by two scientists at the University of Cambridge. However, it wasn’t until 1998 at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where the first batch of embryonic stem cells were created in a test tube. In 2001, President George W. Bush approved the use of federal funding for research on this topic, following this action

The contemporary versus the historic Free Essays

string(44) " something fantastical and wholly unneeded\." Interventions, the modern-day versus the historic, timeless or tendency, sympathetic or indurate? An probe into the relationship between historic architecture and modern-day intercessions, An penetration into ‘Britishness ‘ and the contention of changing historical edifices. There are presently a batch of high profile physiques which involve an old edifice deriving a new add-on, an illustration being the programs for the Tate Modern art gallery extension, ( FIG ) which has been really controversial and created a split in sentiments, but why? Is it due to the proposed construction being such a contrast to the bing ex-industrial pallet of brick and masonry or is it due to people non wishing the aesthetic of the new design, or is it something different all together. Why are these type of undertakings so controversial? What is it about the deliberate contrast of manners that separates diehards from modernist minds so strongly? Are these old edifices being utilized better with their new add-ons or is it merely a craze, which like Modernism will intend the edifices may be seen as useless or uneffective constructions that will be demolished and replaced in a affair of decennaries. We will write a custom essay sample on The contemporary versus the historic or any similar topic only for you Order Now Understanding this theory better involves looking at why these edifices have had Contemporary add-ons added to the bing construction, whether they have been rheniums purposed, saved from destruction, been given a new rental of life, or have merely been enlarged. Looking at specific illustrations will find whether or non the add-ons have been successful or unsuccessful and whether the alteration has genuinely been in the edifices best involvements or is merely portion of a tendency which is merely an architectural ‘gimmick ‘ , which may or may non stand the trial of clip. The junction between historic and Contemporary stuffs is besides an of import factor of this meeting of manners, for illustration the designer behind the Public Library in Landau, Germany, Lamott Architekten commented that â€Å" the point of which the former outer wall has been perforated are rendered as lesions. â€Å" , Does the daintiness of the concurrence between stuffs consequence negative call in relation to the historic edifice, does the new design have regard for the bing construction, whether or non there is any major supplanting of any historic rock work, or any original characteristics which are covered up or overshadowed by the new development. Are these add-ons portion of the changeless extension of edifices that has occurred for 100s of old ages, or is at that place something about modern-day architecture that makes it different to manners of the yesteryear. Is it what some people see as the edifice organically altering and turning, or is this motion a reaction to t he recent environmental stance to architectural design, and merely a manner to recycle old edifice instead than pulverizing them, and changing them to be more energy efficient. Is there demand for a more restrictive or a more accepting attack to be aftering for these sort of undertakings, or do the limitations mean that merely the best designs are put frontward, and if ordinances were non in topographic point would many historic edifices would be ruined by severely designed or ill planned intercessions or is at that place merely excessively much bureaucratism and junior-grade ordinances maintaining advancement to the bare lower limit and standing in the manner of landmark undertakings. Would it be better for a edifice to be transformed into a modern-day useable edifice, when the option is for it be left to degrade and to be forgotten. In concern with Britain in peculiar is the corporate reservedness keeping modern-day architecture and advancement in the designed environment back? Will this phenomena ruin our historical edifices stock and confound our state ‘s heritage, or is there a more positive impact on society that can be sought from good designed modern-day architecture. The usage of the word ‘statement ‘ plays a large portion of this argument, is this motion entirely about making a statement piece of modern-day design merely to do an impact, or will it turn out to hold more deepness, and go something more lasting in the architectural universe. Is the fact that undertakings such as the Reichtag and the Ontario museum even exist suggest that despite the contention that there is an overall bit by bit altering sentiment as to how historic edifices are modified. The contrast between a landmark and an iconic edifice, is great, can they of all time be combined to make something timeless. Chapter 1: How did the thought of saving in architecture come into being. How has the motion of adding to bing evolved over clip. In the argument of which method is better transition Restoration or extension. The more ‘sensible ‘ option of Restoration, ( to utilize historically accurate edifice methods and stuffs to make a mimic of the bing ) , can be seen as more sympathetic to the edifice. In a transition of a mediaeval public library in Spain ( FiG ) it was commented that â€Å" Through simple fix steps, carefully fitted to fit the edifice, and merely a few new add-ons, the ambiance and luster of the original edifice substance pervades † ( Cramer and Breitling 2007, p.33 ) To understand the idealism behind the saving of old edifices, in peculiar in the United Kingdom, It must foremost be understood how and why the thought of edifices being protected came to go through. Phil Venning from the Society for the protection of ancient edifices explained that the beginning of historical edifice saving â€Å" †¦ stems from what the Victorians were making Between 1840 to 1870 there was a immense procedure of reconstructing churches and cathedrals. Half or all mediaeval churches were restored and the job was the nature of that Restoration. Take St Alburns ‘ church, non one individual rock from the original edifice was reused. It was a complete Victorian makeover, a complete innovation that bore no relation to anything historical that existed before, so 100s of old ages of echt history were wiped off for the interest of something fantastical and wholly unneeded. You read "The contemporary versus the historic" in category "Essay examples" â€Å" ( Venn ing 09 ) Historical edifices frequently have a long and complicated yesteryear, many things that happened within the edifice are unknown, this enigma and inquire create a kind of fondness for the historic, architectural or otherwise. There is a contradiction in experiencing about historic things, â€Å" Most peoples sentiment of old artifacts is contradictory. For many the old frequently represents stagnancy and decay. On the other manus, the old is besides treated with a certain regard, recognizing the fact that the ageing procedure involves endurance in the face of troubles. The really fact that something has been conserved can excite admiration and contemplation. Possibly it is the acquaintance of old things that one values, and the experiences which have contributed to their endurance over clip. The hints of ageing can be perceived as a signifier of cultural individuality. â€Å" ( Cramer, Breiltlig, 2007 ) Looking back on peculiar illustrations of edifices that were added to or restored in the past clearly shows why certain protection was needed to continue historic edifices. Longleat house in Wiltshire is a really utmost illustration of how Victorian manner add-ons could be unsympathetic to the original construction. Within Longleat ‘s inside are legion concealed nothingnesss, where new add-ons and interior layout alterations are fitted within the bing construction frequently go forthing immense nothingnesss which can merely be accessed through bantam service doors and are wholly blocked off. One of the biggest nothingnesss in the edifice contains a beautiful clock face. It is still maintained, and is in perfect working order, but really few people of all time see it, as in order to see the clock face an angled mirror and a torch are needed. This type of loss of history lead to the creative activity of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings in 1877. One of the chief concerns of those opposed to this motion is the saving of historical civilization, non being a precedence and how through these extremist modern add-ons it is being lost in order to make more of an cosmopolitan manner, with less accent on a specific civilization as, due to engineering and its consequence on communicating it is more international instead than national. Architects can now work with edifices 1000s of stat mis off, and may hold ne’er personally visited the site in inquiry, this fact entirely, along with many other factors, including globalization means that it is inevitable that some signifier of cosmopolitan manner is to develop. However, on the contrary to this it is seen that each edifice is developed based on its site, its context, including its yesteryear and historical value and its usage, intending that no two edifices could of all time be developed in the exact same manner. ( quotation mark ) This means that using a cosmopolitan manner can ne’er be a generic scenario as it was during the Modernist period. Historically new manners were developed through travel and geographic expedition. The expansive circuit for illustration that took topographic point during the nineteenth century involved English Lords and designers researching Europe, in order to be inspired by bing architecture and convey them back to Britain, therefore the birth of the Renaissance manner. The expansive tourers were really destructive in their geographic expedition, many splintering of inside informations from the edifices to maintain as souvenir and carving their names in the walls of ancient temples. Renaissance architecture was formed through the misinterpretations and reinterpretations of Greek and Roman architecture. An illustration of this being that many expansive places in Britain were inspired by Greek and Roman temples. Temples were built for certain Gods to seek shelter, so the inside was ne’er meant to be seen by the mean townsfolk. Making places based on the design changes the construct behind t he original signifier wholly. This is one of many illustrations of how the British reinterpreted another civilizations manner of architecture to make a new manner that is seen as quintessentially British. The thought of adding to bing in a current manner has been happening for centuries. Many cherished edifices have been added to in different periods, for illustration Chillham Castle in Canterbury in which â€Å" Major changes were made in the late eighteenth century by Thomas Heron and his Wildman replacements, in the 1860s by Charles Hardy and eventually in the 1920s by Sir Edmund Davis. â€Å" ( Peters 08 ) . This was before William Morris introduced Torahs to protect old edifices, and at that place was evidently non the same feeling of costliness that is felt with concern of old edifices as there is today. Chillham palace is an first-class illustration of how the whole edifice was changed depending on the manner that was in manner, â€Å" In 1775-76, Heron refitted the Jacobean house about throughout in Georgian manner. â€Å" ( Peters 08 ) This was non needfully ever the best for the edifice, nevertheless, â€Å" In what has been termed â€Å" an evil reconsideration † Brandon put a replacing oriel window over the front door, approximately resembling the original but utilizing his ain â€Å" heavy † design. † ( Peters 08 ) . In the 1920 ‘s Chillham palace was restored to its old Jacobean province every bit much as possible, which while possibly profiting the edifice in its layout and overall coherency, had erased 100s of old ages of history. â€Å" Therefore the fenestration alterations of the 18th and 19th centuries have been mostly swept off, and the external lifts must look today well as they were originally in 1616 † ( Peters 08 ) This is a different attack to current redevelopment methods, in that in modern-day add-ons seek to heighten the historic, instead than replace the historic in order to accomplish the semblance of a historic edifice. During the 60s the motion of changing the historic, became more familiar to what modern-day add-ons try to make today. Architects such as by Carlo Scarpa, Pierre Chareau and Ignazio Gardella, bridged the spread with advanced solution to recycle of old edifices, which is looked at further in Chapter 4. ( demand to bridge spread between these paragraphs ) These thoughts could be used with modern-day intercessions where by alternatively of experiencing frightened or intimidated by alteration of cherished historic constructing stock the British should encompass this new tendency, because if we do non so we will non develop a modern-day British manner, and that is what frightens us most. Chapter 2: How does the corporate British mind affect undertakings seeking to contrast old and new? Does the planning system have to alter to maintain the UK at the head of current design? As discussed in chapter 1, the debut of limitations in changing old edifices has changed the manner in which they are preserved, and how architectural manner affects the old history. Planing Torahs can be restrictive in the redevelopment procedure. Many historical edifices are listed which mean that certain standards refering structural alterations and stuff usage have to be obeyed. It is hard to find whether or non these limitations are non altering plenty to maintain up with current demands of modern life such as unfastened program infinites and environmental efficiency. It is interesting how the sentiment about execution of modern-day add-ons between be aftering governments differ. In Alain De Botton ‘s book â€Å" The architecture of felicity † and his attach toing telecasting programme â€Å" The perfect place † non merely does he give illustrations of undertakings that strived to make a add-on, and fought a conflict with be aftering Torahs over the thought o f modern-day being more appropriate that mock or medley, but he besides looks into why medley may be the preferable pick, non merely by the contrivers but of Britain ‘s general populace. Public sentiment plays a large portion in a edifices success. Does the populace ‘s sentiment genuinely reflects the virtues of the edifice and the design, or is the public position still tainted with a deficiency of misgiving of Contemporary manner design after the weaknesss of the Modernist motion. Is it still the safe but medley option that the general populace favor? Is the thought of adjustment in still deep set into the heads of people as being the more acceptable and hence the best option? In order to understand this ideal we must look to the modern lodging stock. Pastiche has been able to run public violence with the UK ‘s lodging. Mock Tudor and Elizabethan houses are everyplace, many are built by developers without even a audience with an designer. These edifices are famil iar, they are safe, they are seen to affect less hazard. In this state in peculiar the conservative mentality appears to be keeping back the coeval in architecture but non in engineering or communicating or comfortss, what does this state about how we feel about the infinites we occupy. Alain De Botton refers to Vilhelm Worringer a twentieth Century philosopher that argued that people fell in love with specific types or manners of architecture because it contained or symbolised something that that individual, or that individuals society was missing, therefore Alain De Botton links this to the theory that pastiche forge Tudor and Georgian new physique places are favoured as a analogue to the ugly landscapes of mills and industrial units that a technologically advanced society produces. This could be seen as an implicit in ground for the extract of Historical and Contemporary architecture being so controversial, it evokes confusion with feeling of desiring to withdraw to the past off from engineering and promotion. The thought of the modern conveying the Historical into the new millenary may scare people into a disfavor for these undertakings. One paticular illustration Alain De Botton choice out is one that challenges this theory and suggests that persons are now get downing to gain the positive facets of Contemporary architecture and how it can be more sympathetic to the echt historic than ‘make believe medley ‘ . Wakelins is a Tudor sign of the zodiac that was refurbished and extended by James Gorst architects as a private place for James Gorst himself. The dramatic modern-day extension can be seen to hold more in common to the original construction as it is besides timber framed, where as a medley mock Tudor extension would be a masonry construction. James Gorst commented that manners can co-exist without struggle and that you can be â€Å" respectful of the past but in your ain epoch † ( Gorst 08 ) Another illustration Botton uses is a little elusive modern-day extension to a Georgian terraced house in East London ( FIG ) . This extension was specifically designed by Henning Stummel designers to house lavatory installations on each floor of the house. The logical thinking for this is to make a more accurate Edwardian layo ut. As the Edwardians did non hold bathrooms one was created at a ulterior day of the month on the top floor doing break to the flow of the house. The new extension allowed the flow of the house to be restored to the original. These two illustration defends the theory that â€Å" A true court seldom looks like one † ( Botton 08 ) that something can be historically sensitive with out aesthetically fiting anything from the yesteryear. This extension could be seen as good to the house by some, and beautiful with its lumber paneling and block like Windowss, but it involved a long and backbreaking conflict with the local planning commission, which in its entireness took two old ages, as the council favoured a mock Edwardian extension. This is contrasting grounds to sentiments of the likes of Peter Vennning from the society for the protection of ancient edifices who â€Å" †¦ would ever instead something that is advanced and good designed that merely copying what was there al ready † ( Venning 09 ) This changeless battle with sentiments of the council and planning with persons creates a barrier between the success and the via media of modern-day add-ons to Historic edifices. This could propose that there is a job in this state about accepting modern-day architecture, nevertheless there is the issue that it is merely in the residential sector that this is evident. In the United Kingdom there are some award winning modern-day edifices, and they are common topographic point for undertakings such as theaters, libraries and universities. Peoples evidently appreciate their public and commercial edifices to be modern-day, and in usage built undertakings the edifice layout to outdo reflect its intent. This theory is so reversed when we look at the modern British place, which merely seeks to retroflex the old. There is a British trait to be really proud of our places, but it is questionable why this has manifested itself in such a manner in this state and otherwise in most other states. It is a position that British people take pride in their place, in peculiar with facets such as DIY or make it yourself being seen as quintessentially British â€Å" DIY is something of a national interest on Bank Holidays in the UK † ( unknown, 09 ) This nevertheless is an facet in itself that leads the populace to believe that places are a personal thing. This, in the yesteryear has lead to dissensions between designers and place proprietors, one illustration being Le Corbusier and the Villa Savoye, and the client being told non to set drapes up as it would botch the interior outside consequence created by the drape glass. This posed the job of making a via media between good design and an aesthetically delighting edifice, and taking into consideration client demands and the practical every twenty-four hours operation of the edifice. All this grounds suggests that the spread between the public sentiment and the designers sentiment demands to be bridged. The planning section can be seen as the people to bridge the spread, nevertheless they seen to subconsciously be reenforcing the misgiving the populace have with modern-day design with the favor of medley and mock, instead than defending the undertakings that if built could get down to alter the populace ‘s perceptual experience of modern-day architecture. This outlines the chief issue that if good designed modern-day undertakings are non built they will still be seen as the abnormal. It is already outlined that the British public find a sense of security in older manner edifices as they are good known, huge in figure and familiar. Therefore it seems that it is impossible to bridge this spread without upsetting t he British populace at some phase. The planning commission have the power to alter the populace ‘s perceptual experience nevertheless they are portion of the British public in themselves and their penchants for mock can be seen as a reserved or scared move on their behalf. Architects have an apprehension of how modern-day architecture plants, and how it can be good in a modern society. This could be seen to propose that there must be a signifier of doing the public aware of modern-day architecture and how it works, for this fright is based on a deficiency of apprehension, or merely declining to understand. The current argument on this issue is forward fronted by Prince Charles. In a really British mode he is opposing many designers work in defense mechanism of saving of historical edifices in the UK. Prince Charles, Royal, although with no official authorization for edifice ordinances, has become the interpreter for this argument. However his really traditional positions have been controversial even to those who support the cause. Philosophically the prince ‘s claim to be the defender of tradition does non bear examination. He late resigned as frequenter of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings ( SPAB ) because he does non understand or subscribe to its pronunciamento, as set down by its laminitis, William Morris. The cardinal SPAB rule is that no version or extension to an historic edifice should seek to copy the original, but be distinguishable and of its ain clip. To cite: â€Å" a lame and exanimate counterfeit is the concluding consequence of all the wasted labor † . That one of the prince ‘s advisors besides designs for Disneyland is diagnostic of a penchant for a sanitized version of the yesteryear, stripped of the reliable verve Morris sought to support. ( Macintosh 09 ) This difference in sentiment reflects the much wider argument of whether to accommodate edifices in a modern-day manner or every bit traditionally as possible. Prince Charles can be seen as a typically British illustration. Part of the Monarchy but with efficaciously with no authorization in affairs including architecture, he feels his sentiment more valid than that of William Morris and the full staff at the Society for the protection of Ancient Buildings But the prince is understood to hold peculiarly objected to the suggestion that reconstructing old houses in their original manner frequently consequences in a ‘pastiche ‘ – an uncomplimentary odds and ends of stuffs and signifiers taken from different beginnings -and took strivings to state as much. â€Å" ( English 09 ) With figure caputs such as these portraying their sentiment of the right pattern, as antediluvian mimicking, is it no admiration that the British populace, that which is still in esteem of its monarchy, something which is really unambiguously British, can the lesser known faces of this argument, such as the SPAB be considered within public consideration. However there are points raised by prince Charles that defend the thought that there is a difference in sentiment or a spread of understanding between designers and the general populace that must be addressed â€Å" A â€Å" gulf † is go oning to split designers from the remainder of society because of their compulsion with signifiers † ( Hurst 09 ) . However even Prince Charles admitted that the planning system needed reform, which means that there is cogent evidence that the planning system does non even benefit those hidebound thoughts refering architecture. There is recent contraversay about Prince Charle ‘s place within this architectural argument. The recent withdrawl of foreign support for a high terminal coeval development in London due to the Princes interfearence has angered many. It could be seen that Charles should be seeking to press foreign developers to put in lodging, to profit the state as a whole, particularly in a clip of economic crisis. Many others challenged the design of the edifice, chiefly those of a certain authorization and age scope â€Å" Palace functionaries are likely to reason that the prince was merely one voice against the Candys ‘ programs for Chelsea Barracks. Lord Stockton, grandson of Harold MacMillan, the former premier curate†¦ † ( Chittenden,09 ) The Prince besides stated his positions on his prefered alternate â€Å" He proposed a classical option that mirrored the 17th-century Royal Hospital, designed by Sir Christopher Wren, across the street. † ( Chittenden,09 ) Thi s remark is an illustration of how people are afraid of something new, and prefere the security of something that already exists, the medley. If the Prince becomes king in the hereafter so the argument will go progressively intense, which poses the possibility that more and more medley will happen its was to the edifices sites, instead than something more exciting and advanced. The thought of animating a like the Royal infirmary, means that the newer edifice will merely of all time be a lesser edifice than the original, due to the fact that miming something with modern-day techniques will ultimatly compromise the overall unity of the edifice, peculiarly when the original is every bit close as Prince Charles proposed. In esscence medley architecture is seting manner out of context, in regard of clip. Is it so non that different from constructions in subject Parkss and museums? This can be epitimised by the fact that as discussed prevoisuly one of prince Charle ‘s advisers besid es designs for Disneyland. This could be seen as Prince Charles prioritizing manner over substance, whcih is certainly non how successful edifices are designed. The thought of retroflexing an old edifice is ne’er making the original edifice justness, as it will ever be compromised by modern-day demands every bit good as modern-day edifice codifications and be aftering regulations.. This could, in utmost fortunes in the hereafter, lead to old edifices being demolished in favor of medley, as mock edifices are created in the relevant period and are hence more suited for current use.It could be said that to truly appreciate old edifices they muse have a contrast, in order to maintain the rarety and costliness of its design. Another facet of architecture that Prince Charles has been speaking about is sustainability. In a recent talk he was considered to come across as â€Å" †¦ an rational Luddite, whose lone solution is to withdraw into a Hobbit-like universe of organic cru de edifices and no autos. † ( Baillieu, 09 ) This is linked in Prince Charle ‘s address with the thought that he is wary or afraid of experimentation within the architectural genre. †¦ it ‘s his belief that the challenge of clime alteration can be solved without experimentation. This is where the address unravelled for in doing out â€Å" experimentation † to be a terrorizing spring in the dark instead than something good based on hypotheses and a organic structure of cognition ( Baillieu, 09 ) . It is easy to see how these two facets come together to organize this overall sentiment. This is once more associating back to the thought of being afraid of the unknown and the security of the familiar which is known to hold existed and survived for a period of clip. However it is clear that without experimentation it will be impossible to battle the clime altering effects of our current architectural stock without stepping into the unknown and experimenting to make new engineering and modern-day design. This supports the thought of traveling on from historical design and designing in a more intellegent manner in order to battle this job, and get down developing thoughts for architecture that the hereafter requires. This point in argued by those who support the scientific discipline and engineering of this argument â€Å" In his celebrated â€Å" two civilizations † talk, the novelist and scientist CP Snow warned that if people wanted to turn their dorsums on scientific discipline and the benefits of industrialization they were free to do that pick. â€Å" I respect you for the strength of your aesthetic repugnance, † he said. â€Å" But I do n’t esteem you in the slightest if, even passively, you try to enforce the same pick on others who are non free to take. â€Å" ( Baillieu, 09 ) . This besides supports the thought that some portion of the population are non nessessarily lead by their ain pick but instead the pick of front mans in their society. This straight relates to Prince Charles and the negative impact he could hold on the populations positions refering architecture. It is easy to see how people become loyal about this states old edifices, but certainly opposing anything modern-day in architecture at all is impeding the advancement of the state as a whole. The devastation of old edifices during the first and 2nd universe wars helped to make the feeling of costliness for the old edifices that survived. Modernism that took advantage of the loss of historical edifices to make something new, which even involved pulverizing old edifices that survived the air foraies. This was admired by immature architectural heads but disliked by older more hidebound designers every bit good as the populace. This Modern manner of edifice was really much a duplicating manner with certain design regulations that had to be followed by every edifice, which lead them to hold a really generic quality. This rigorous codification of aesthetic design lead to many of the edifices being demolished every bit small as 10 to thirty old ages subsequently, due to the fact that the edifices were deemed to hold no psyche and were considered ugly and rough aesthetically. The destructive qualities of Modernism and the designers thoughts of town planning, showed non merely the populace but besides the architectural universe how of import it was to make constructions that were non merely functional but iconic, and to make something the populace could bask, non merely the architectural elite. Modernism as a motion angered many people who were dedicated to continuing history, and of all time since so they have been ferociously protective of old edifices and the work that is done with them. Many people nevertheless who have acquired old edifices with the purpose on reconstructing them, have to wait months and trade with infuriating, bureaucratism before they can get down work, . In a batch of instances until the necessary permissions are granted the proprietors are powerless and must watch as the edifice they own deteriorates further seting the edifice itself at hazard. An illustration of this is the work carried out on a folly in Monmouth ( FIG ) ( Gillilan 09 ) to reconstruct the original edifice which is from the sixteenth century but was rebuilt after be ing struck by buoy uping in the late ninetiess. They besides wanted to include a modern extension and to rupture down the twentieth century add-ons that were non appropriate for the edifice, seeking to mime the original with rendered concrete that were doing harm to the bing construction. This undertaking included an equal sum of Restoration and extension, designed by designers with thoughtful and delicate concurrence between modern and historic stuffs shows how with better engineering and more sympathetic edifice stuffs our positions to reconstructing old edifices is easy altering. The planning commission of a local council nevertheless is non the lone resistance an person with Contemporary gustatory sensation must confront. Public blessing is critical for a successful planning application, and neighbors resistance can halt a undertaking even get downing. In Ling, a little historical small town in Norfolk a occupant wished to construct a modern-day house on the site of his old clayware shed. He has been seeking to acquire permission for his home for old ages, and his biggest obstruction is the villagers themselves, who think the edifice is ‘ugly ‘ and ‘does n’t suit in ‘ The inquiry is why did this affair so much, and why precisely did the new edifice non suit in? The edifice is proposed to be made from traditional methods with local stuffs so it is the modern-day manner of the edifice the villagers find so violative. The occupant in inquiry commented that there is â€Å" something peculiarly British about this seting the yestery ear on a base and that everything old is inviolable and you touch it at your hazard. † But is it merely the British who feel this manner, or is it something that is portion of any state with a long history and a wealth of historical edifices. A contrast to this would be to look at a state where this is non the instance. Dubai is largely desert, but due to its lifting economic system it is easy being turned into huge metropoliss and composites. The difference to Britain is that there is no penchant toward the historic, and station modernism is literally allowed to make full metropoliss which necessarily creates a huge sum of different and contradicting manners and gustatory sensations. Dubai has a ski Lodge, a land of China and a map of the universe shaped from sand dunes in the sea. Dubai is an illustration of what an architectural ‘free for all ‘ can make, which has merely every bit much of a negative impact if non more than a state in which development is so pure ly regulated and protective as ours. With it being acceptable to hold an single architectural gustatory sensation makes the state of affairs different to that of old epochs where by a more incorporate gustatory sensation was adhered by, be aftering Torahs inhibit the devastation of old edifices or the add-on of infinites that make no sense and are of really single gustatory sensation. However at that place needs to be more understanding from the planning system in footings of medley that is seen to hold a negative impact on the edifice and is non ever the appropriate solution. Deliberate hazards must be taken in single fortunes in order to make relevant infinites for the modern manner of life, and criterions must be set so that modern-day manner can be enjoyed by future coevalss. Chapter 3: Does current cognition and tendency affect the usage of old edifices. Architecture is non inactive and must invariably alter in order to remain relevant to current society and remain in usage. The thought of merely conveying a edifice back up to a habitable criterion is non needfully the best option. â€Å" ‘Saving ‘ old edifices is no longer plenty. The purpose is non preservation but transmutation, an architectural, instead than a sentimental or historicist attack to making new signifier out of old cloth. † ( Powell 1999 ) One manner is which this theory is peculiarly relevant in modern-day society is within the recent alterations to constructing methods in relation to the environment. Old constructions were designed and built before such cognition of clime alteration or planetary heating existed. Adapting an old edifice with a new interior layout or add-on is no longer plenty to do it a genuinely twenty-first century edifice, The environmental factor must now besides be considered to future proof a edifice. In order to cut down an bing edifices C pes print, some version is necessary, which is non ever historically accurate or sympathetic. The concluding behind many edifices being reused instead so destroyed is besides influenced by the issue of sustainability. It is frequently more economical every bit good as environmentally friendly to recycle an bing edifice instead than pulverize and so reconstruct it. This office edifice ( FIG ) was remodelled to reflect modern-day manners in architecture. The ed ifice is about unrecognizable, but the inquiry this poses is, if this edifice had to be remodelled several times in such speedy sequence, what does it state about the clip graduated table in which modern-day manners are considered current? ( demand to infix FIG dates that it was remodelled ) It is said that â€Å" architecture is an look of its clip, and clip can sometimes go through quickly † ( need to follow up mention ) The thought of accommodating an old edifice to run into new demands and recycling it is a environmentally sound thought. If person busying a edifice needs more infinite is it non better to accommodate the bing edifice than to travel to a bigger edifice, or have a new edifice built. Hearst tower is a construction which encompasses many facets of modern-day add-on that is considered good. Its sustainable certificates make it a precursor in New York for environmentally friendly design â€Å" Designed to devour significantly less energy than a conventional New York office edifice, it is a theoretical account of sustainable office design. † ( Foster and spouses, unknown ) ( include passage between old and new in interior infinite and FIG ) A complex challenge is when a metropolis has become so urbanized that there is merely non plenty infinite to make new edifices without making a signifier of urban sprawl consequence. A metropolis like New York is a premier illustration of a topographic point where land mass has become non existent for edifice, and so older edifices must be adapted to turn with the activities within it. New York has combated this job by edifice upwards, making the biggest possible square footage with the minimum footmark. The add-ons to these edifices hence have to make the same. Hearst Tower achieves significant extra infinite, but implanting itself in the original infinite and traveling upward, to go another iconic edifice in the New York skyline. The environmental component is a important factor in this argument. Many old edifices are improbably inefficient in comparing to modern-day constructions. In order for these edifices to stay relevant as homes and edifices for public usage they have to be adapted with new engineering to stay in usage. If nil is done with historic edifices stock they will go of all time more progressively expensive to run as they age. The resources to run them, will are going of all time more scarce, and are set uping the environment and therefore it is indispensable they be adapted to diminish this consequence. This is now set uping place proprietors and the general populace as a affair of class. With energy monetary values lifting this will finally take to the populace being behind the version of old edifices for this ground in peculiar. There has been a batch of support behind for the demand for version for old edifices, in peculiar Kevin McClouds Great British refurb run which seeks new statute law to assist with the cost of doing places more energy efficient through the appropriate adaptation.. This run has a enormous sum of public support, which leads to the decision that the populace are more comfy with the thought of altering old edifices in a manner that they are cognizant benefits them. This contradiction is proposing that its more the manner in which old and new concurrences frequently juxtapose that is the existent issue for the general populace, and it is more manner than the engineering they are frightened of. Chapter 4: Will the concurrence between historic and modern-day architecture be every bit dateless as other architectural motions. What are the specific qualities that make a piece of design â€Å" timeless † or â€Å" authoritative † ? The word timeless is used a batch in architecture and design, but what precisely does it imply. The dictionary describes the word timeless as ( decision to this, cant be dateless but can go a historic construction in the hereafter, and to be something that influences future epochs of architecture ) without get downing or terminal ; ageless ; everlasting. mentioning or restricted to no peculiar clip: the dateless beauty of great music. ( Dictionary Reference on line ) The inquiry that is considered by anyone in charge of allowing be aftering permission for any new add-on to a historic edifice is will it be every bit dateless as the original construction. Examples affecting add-ons made in the seventiess have non needfully aged every bit good as the bing edifice. ( Fig ) Many edifices that were designed and erected during the 1960ss and 1970ss are now considered eyesores, and are frequently lacerate down. Could this be the instance for modern-day manner constructions, or like the Victorian manner, which was out of manner during the 1950s and 1960s and is now a sought after will it merely become stylish once more in the close hereafter. Manner and tendency play an of import function in the design and besides the hereafter of edifices so it is of import that the edifice is good designed and thought out, non trusting merely on the current tendency, but has a timeless facet to it. â€Å" Its non about if it ‘s modern or if its old it ‘s whether or non its quality † ( Coffey 2009 ) Using the 60s as an illustration, many cases of 60s and 70s architecture were severely designed and cheaply made, this can besides be said for many twenty-first Century edifices, made every bit cheaply as possible to carry through a basic demand with small architectural virtue. However there was some architecture that was created during the 1960ss that was better designed and longer enduring. Carlo Scarpa was an designer who preferred working with and adding to an bing construction than making his ain. His most celebrated work Castelvecchio was completed in 1964 ( FIG ) . It was his refusal to retroflex old manners within h is work that his coevalss found odd, but his work has been inspiration for many good renown designers. â€Å" His work greatly influenced that of other Italian inside interior decorators, most notably Franco Albini † , ( ref cheque ) every bit good as going a theoretical account of inspiration for architectural pupils â€Å" His edifices and undertakings were being studied by designers and pupils throughout the universe, and his cosmetic manner had become a theoretical account for designers wishing to resuscitate trade and juicy stuffs in the modern-day mode. † ( REF cheque ) Therefore began the beginnings of juxtaposing the latest stuffs and engineering with historic constructions. The devastation of the first universe war lead to the thought of protecting old edifices to go relaxed plenty to project aside actual historicism, ( although some times subsequently became to act upon the exact antonym ) in specific in Italy, which created a way towards to something more thought provoking and intelligent.. Continue with Work by designers such as Pierre Chareau and Ignazio Gardella. There is the inquiry of if a edifice which is non needfully beautiful, or historically of import but is still classed as historic demand to be preserved in a cherished restrictive manner or is it that with historical edifices, irrespective of their quality people feel a responsibility to protect and continue history like a exposure and this is seen to be the most appropriate option. In this modern society, this is non needfully the right pattern or should edifices which were designed to be used, be redesigned to suit our of all time altering demands. It may be that continuing a edifice has a negative impact on the edifice as it is forced to be used in an out-of-date manner and become like a museum piece non to be touched instead than a edifice which is meant to be inhabited and used in order to be enjoyed. An illustration of this is the resistance to the proposed new add-on to the British museum ( FIG ) . However it is designers every bit good as a local preservation group who are op posing the add-on as it has already received permission from the planning governments and English heritage. â€Å" Committee spokesman Hugh Cullum manager of Hugh Cullum architects added that pluging holes in the late restored great hall to supply entree to the exhibition infinite was a offense against a brilliant and simple frontage. † He added that a new frontage on Malt Street showed a â€Å" specific deficiency of response to the street and regardless of manner, does n’t belong to either Georgian or Edwardian context in footings of graduated table, grain or stuffs. † ( Cullum,09 ) Chapter 5: What makes peculiar illustrations of reuse successful or unsuccessful. Extensions to edifices have gotten bigger and more high profile in the last 20 old ages. The chief designer responsible for some of the most good known add-ons is Sir Norman Foster. Undertakings such as the Reichstag ( FIG ) and Hearst tower ( FIG ) have become iconic. For a edifice that is such a landmark in itself like the Reichstag it would usually be considered excessively cherished a edifice, to profit from any add-on, â€Å" †¦ you can acquire some edifices that are so cherished are so rare and historically of import its likely non the right thing to make † ( Venning 2009 ) nevertheless it has become an iconic edifice instead than merely a landmark due to its glass dome roof add-on. This is how a edifice can be enhanced in order to truly specify the part in which it is situated, and go a tourist attractive force in itself. It provides a genuinely cultural experience and people travel from across the universe to see it. The dome adds a sing experience to the edifice, making a platform where most of the metropolis can be seen. It has helped to reunite the edifice with the German people, and hence added a new dimension of history to the edifice instead than take awaying from what existed antecedently. â€Å" It is of import to recognize that edifices alteration and adapt†¦ and parts that are added to the edifice over clip become portion of its history. † ( Venning 09 ) The Reichtag The Reichstag is a first-class illustration of how the extension has been good considered and reflected the edifices history. Based on the thought that a landmark is created by the things that happen to the edifice or the to people that inhabit it instead than the bricks and mortar itself, an thought has surfaced that all old edifices have a signifier of voice. Architectural Voices written by David Littlefield and Saskia Lewis suggest that in order for a new intercession to be genuinely successful the old edifice needs to be decently listened to, â€Å" ‘If it could talk what would it state? What would it sound like? Would it be deserving listening to? ‘ Questions such as these are peculiarly relevant for designers shiping on undertakings of redevelopment, reading or enlargement. † ( Littlefield, 2007 ) . The Reichtag dome like many other undertakings faced resistance â€Å" The rebuilding undertaking was necessarily controversial, given the Reichstag ‘s pla ce in twentieth-century German history. † ( powell 1999 ) and Foster ‘s original thought nevertheless was rejected for being excessively extreme as he wanted to encapsulate the whole edifice within a glass dome. However the undertaking as it was realised turned out is considered to â€Å" reinstate the edifice as a focal point of the capital and the place of Bundestag † ( Powell 1999 ) This peculiar undertaking genuinely embraces the thought of ‘listening ‘ to the bing edifice, and proves that in this instance that intercession and add-on can be more effectual than merely a simple Restoration, in making something iconic, â€Å" Above rises a dome, non a Restoration of that which burned in 1938 but surely integrating the memories of the past † . ( Powell 1999 ) The thought that the populace are cognizant of the political relations traveling on inside the edifice is accentuated by the fact that the dome sits above where the politicians convene. Th is creates a transparence metaphor as with the Welsh parliament constructing the visitants of the edifice can watch the politicians from above, and experience more of a portion of the system than in old times. This is of class symbolic of the alteration in the German authorities, with the state being unified by the destruction of the Berlin wall. This changes the stigma of the original edifice and creates a new positive image for the edifice, to associate the old edifice to the new Germany. This edifice opposes the thought introduced at the beginning of this chapter from Phil Venning of the SPAB that some edifices are excessively cherished to be adapted, it is an illustration of how old edifices need to be adapted in order to remain relevant to society. The edifice was damaged during the war and was non repaired when the war ended. Alternatively the edifice remained in disrepair and became a symbol for the ruin of Germany and its authorities. It was unloved due to the stigma that wa s attached to it and what it represented to the people of Germany, which was a authorities that has ruined their state and their lively goons. This was all reversed with the new add-ons and the Restoration, which allowed the symbolism of the edifice to be changed and allowed the edifice to be reintroduced as portion of the German civilization, by adding to the bing, and esteeming its yesteryear and heightening it instead than seeking to disregard it. Oxford Castle This edifice is another illustration of a edifice that would usually be considered excessively cherished for adaptation, as it is rare for a palace of its age to last wars and conflicts. However it shows how an old edifice can be more apprehended when it is adapted for modern-day usage than be left untasted. It so becomes less of a deadening museum piece and more an exciting topographic point for people to utilize and bask, The Oxford Castle extension and regeneration programme has been successful in making a public infinite. The old palace edifice is now a hotel which forms portion of a Pedestrianised country, which attracts locals and tourers likewise. Opening up an country and a edifice one time closed off to the populace is good, but looking at the daintiness of the new intercession suggests that every attention was taken into consideration to continue and heighten the historic edifices, both in the design procedure and in the building. The original edifice was originally used as a prision, and this creates a alone infinite for a boutique hotel. This reuse of the edifice has created a tourer attractive force in itself and the development is now described as Oxford ‘s figure one tourer attractive forces. the add-on of a glass gift store between two countries of historic stonework. The intercession itself bridges a spread between two unconnected countries to make a unison between the infinites, but besides does non blockade the position of the rock work or the remainder of the edifice from the store, as the glass roof allows the tallness of the palace to be genuinely apprehended ( FIG ) There has been some intercessions to the stonework, and to acquire the glass to sit between the walls some rock has had to be moved. In ( FIG ) you can see the glass roof is supported by several glass beams. These perforate the rock wall, but the harm is minimum, with rocks replaces and matched to the bing, and lime howitzer used so that the wall can be preserved. In other countries of the development you can see the seamless passage between historic and modern-day. In ( FIG ) you can see how the paseo slots into the older edifice utilizing an bing country which is recessed in the same size and form. T his creates the semblance that the two were created in unison. There is a sensitiveness between the concurrences between stuffs as you can see here in ( FIG ) the wooden panelled ceiling in the gift store leaves a little spread between it and the rock wall. This ceiling is non structural and so can sit merely above the rock wall and does non hold to punch it in any manner. This attack leads to minimum break of the ancient rock. Another illustration of this is the glass panels at the forepart of the gift store ( FIG ) . The glass does non punch the rock wall alternatively an adhesive is used to bridge the spread between the glass and the rock work. This is much less intrusive to the stonework and can be removed without a hint of grounds to the bing if necessary. This undertaking has opened up a edifice one time shut away from public esteem and has created a widely distributed prosaic country in which there is besides a court to the palaces history with the new ‘castle unbarred ‘ visitant attractive force. This has been good to the edifice as it has allowed it to go a tourist attractive force and has become more of Oxford ‘s heritage than it was before the redevelopment. Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester This illustration shows how that you can alter a edifices map successfully by adding a modern-day intercession. The old edifice, one time the former Cotton Exchange and one time the largest room for commercialism in the universe, it is now a nationally and internationally renown as it is the largest unit of ammunition theater in the UK ( FIG ) . The manner this edifice has been changed agencies that changes to the bing construction is minimum. The lone intercession is in the chief four marble columns which support the original vaulted ceiling. There was no attempt taken to conceal these intercessions, alternatively the stenosiss that branch off from the chief construction into the old construction are art of the design ( FIG ) This pod manner intercession becomes the cardinal piece of the edifice, leting a edifice which no longer houses the map it was designed for continue to be relevant in the twenty-first Century. The manner this edifice was redesigned in the 1970s agencies that th e edifice still has an of import topographic point within Manchester ‘s metropolis Centre. This undertaking was merely a true success due to the adventuresome design â€Å" Conceived as a extremist, experimental in-the-round wendy house by the late manager Michael Elliot and the phase interior decorator Richard Negri, it has proved systematically successful, and no admiration – the audience is packed in near to the histrions, and at the same clip stacked up high around them. † Decision There are many factors which influence this subject. As it has been seen the whole political orientation of one state ‘s civilization is a slow procedure. There is some gradual alteration and the planning system is set to alter with so much resistance to its current processs. Bing a authorities organic structure the planning system will hold no pick but to accommodate in order to seek the best solution to jobs in Britain such as the predicted deficit of lodging stock and the economic clime and the deficiency of work for the reinforced environment industry. The political orientation behind the term Britishness is besides altering, and this globalization will impact the manner in which the British population perceives modern-day architecture. The manner architecture alterations is something that will go on to accommodate as it has done since the built environment has existed, and the contention of these undertakings will diminish finally as it becomes more and more common. As the universes population increases the version of bing edifices will go more and more of a necessary procedure, peculiarly due to the new cognition refering the environment. How to cite The contemporary versus the historic, Essay examples

Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management. Answer: Introduction: Investment decisions are largely influenced by human psychology. Investing goes behold rationality and statistics and decisions are made based on human intuitions (Yuniningsih, Sugeng and Muh Barid, 245-263). Investments are important for enabling an individual to meet financial goals more easily. Investments generate income by putting forth an amount (something) with expectations of a higher return in a future time. Investments allow a person to create wealth and become financially independent (Nofsinger, 76). The investment decisions are characterized by uncertain stock markets, risky ventures, unpredictable environment, and changing business environment. Investors make decisions differently as they are influenced by behavior, mind, conscious, unconscious and thoughts. Investors make investments decisions with an objective of increasing their returns on investments (ROI) or getting the highest interests (Luthans, Carolyn , and Bruce, 321-340,). The stock market bull and bear impact investment decisions and it depends on human psychology to make decisions in these situations. The bull market is characterized with optimism that leads to increased market rally increasing the stock price. The bear market on the other side is characterized with pessimism leading a decreasing stock price (McPhee, 107).The bull market make average investors greedy who buy many shares leading to the stock being overpriced. The bear markets rally everyone to fear a stock and sell their share leading to a fall in the stock price. The herd mentality when investing influences investors to think the same way and act according to a group instead of making independent investment decisions. The peaks and trough situations in investment happens regularly in the stock market. Prices keep changing and range from the highest price (peak) to the lowest price (trough) and require understanding the investment psychology to make appropriate decision in different t imes of price change (Kim et al., 140-154). The following write-up contains discuss for three companies that will be analyzed for investments. These companies are Alibaba Group Holding Limited, Apple Inc, and Tesla Motors Inc. This will involve analyzing their financial history, competitors in the market, past peaks and trough and reasons for buying their stocks both emotional and logical. Alibaba Group Holding Ltd Alibaba Group is a multinational ecommerce, Internet, retail, AI and Technology Company. The company through subsidiaries operates in four segments; cloud computing, core commerce, entertainment and digital media, and innovation initiatives. Alibaba provides business-to-business, consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer sales services through web portal. The company also provides electronic payments services, cloud computing and shopping search engines. Alibaba operates in more than 200 countries. Alibaba Group Holding Limited trades in New York Stock Exchange as BABA. The company stock price is US$ 172.07 as at 4th April 2018. The company had a total equity of US$ 48.33 billion at the end of 2017 financial year. Alibaba 2017 revenue amounted to US$23.82billion. The company revenue in 2016 financial year was US$22.96 billion which was 56% higher from 2015 FY. The stock price was US$121.27 in 2016 FY while 2017 stock price US$142. Alibaba main competitor is Amazon. Alibaba revenue grew from $3.14Billion in 2012 FY to $22.99 Billion in 2017 FY compared to Amazon that grew from $48 Billion in 2011FY to $135.99 Billion in 2016 FY. The Amazons revenue grew with 23% while Alibaba revenue grew by 48%. The Alibaba stock price increased by 79% from 2014 compared to Amazon that increased by 192% during the same timeframe. There are several reasons to buy Alibaba. First, the company revenues are increasing at a high percentage that will increase the net income leading to a higher dividends payment. There is an increasing trend for consumers to buy products online that leads to upward sales revenues. The revenue increased to $23 in 2017 from less than $11 billion in 2014. The company has a large scale of operation where the company managed $547 billion online shopping portals of retail transactions in 2017 and they are expected to increase by $1 trillion by 2019. Secondly, the exploding Chinese economy will favor the performance of Alibaba. The Chinese economy accounts for 86% of the Alibaba retail sales. The Chinese economy has a gross domestic per capita income of $3000 which is expected to grow to $13300 within 20 year. This is different to US which will increase by 28% at the same time. Third, Alibaba has diversified operations. The company is not all about retail but is also involved in other services such as digital media and computing tools. Fourth, the Jack Mas vision for Alibaba will drive sales up leading to increased dividends payment. The Jack Ma wants the business to serve more than 10 million small business and 2 billion consumers (Chandra, 203). Lastly, the company insider ownership will also drive it performance Jack Ma owns 6.3% of th e company shares that amount to $27 billion. Jack Ma personal fortune is tied to the company success and will act as an incentive to the company performance to increase its value. The Alibaba past peak for the past 52 days is $206.20 while the trough is $106.78. There is variance is $99.42. This shows that the Alibaba shares have a high potential of rising up to $206 which represent 23% from the current share price of $173. On the other side, the company shares can drop down by 40% to 106 from the current $173. Therefore investing in Alibaba shares has both possibility where the investor can lose by 40% or gain by 23%. Tesla Motors is company that specializes in energy storage, electric vehicles, solar panel manufacturing. The company was founded in 2003 and is based in California. The company products include lithium-ion battery, electric cars, photovoltain panels, Telsa Powerwall batteries, solar panel, sonar roof tiles, and Powerpack batteries. The company is led by Enlon Musk who envisions that the company will be a leading technology company and automaker that will offer affordable electric cars at competitive prices to average income consumers. The company subsidiaries are SolarCity, and Telsa Grohmann Automation. Tesla Motors has a total equity of US$4.24 billion at the end of 2017 financial year. The company recorded revenue amounting to US$11.76 billion during 2017FY. The Company is listed as TSLA in the NASDAQ. The Tesla common stock price is $299.67 as at 4 April 2018. Tesla Revenue increased from $3.2 billion in 2014 to $1.76 billion in 2017. The main Competitor for Tesla Motors is Ford Motors. Ford is a multinational automobile company with headquarters in Michigan. Ford is listed in NYSE and it trading name is F. It stock value is $11.5 as at 4 April 2018. Ford Motors earned $156.8 billion in 2017 from $147 billion in 2013. There are several reasons to buy Tesla Motor share. First, the company has a beloved brand. Consumers are increasingly shifting to products that conserve the environment. The Company Roadster brand is not one decade old but has managed to get top 100 global brands in interbrands List. The Tesla brand is estimated to be worth $4 billion. Secondly, the company enjoys low cost marketing. Tesla Motors innovations make headlines that attract media attention. Most of Tesla moves are covered in details by media that provide unbelievable free amount of advertising. The company is therefore able to lower its operations costs that are then channeled to other projects or minimize the operations costs optimizing returns. Thirdly, Tesla enjoys ridiculous loyal customer base. The company has loyal customers who are willing to buy the same brand given another chance. The customers are highly satisfied and Tesla is ranked first among automakers in the industry in terms of consumer satisfaction. Four th, Tesla is located in Silicon Valley at the hotbed of engineering and technology. The company is therefore able to attract talents that will lead innovation that will increase the company value. Lastly, Tesla Motors has access to SpaceX engineers. Tesla CEO Elon Musk is also the head of SpaceX Company. SpaceX is a valuable and remarkable company makes rockets and leads innovation on engineering, material science, and manufacturing. The automaker therefore has access to SpaceX engineers who are likely to lead innovation to the company and make it to be a market leader in the automobile industry. Therefore Tesla Motor is a promising share to buy and there are likelihood of high returns. The peak of Tesla Motors for the past 52 weeks was $389.61 while the trough was $244.59. The variance between pas6t peak and trough is $145.61. The peak and trough show that the share price can increase by 27.7% or decrease by 20%. Therefore the investor is likely not to lose by a big margin. Apple Inc is a multinational technology company. The company is headquartered in California and is involved in designing, developing, and selling computer software, consumer electronics, and online services. The company products include iPhone Smartphone, Mac computers, IPad tablets, iPod media player, Apple Watch, Apple TV, and HomePod Smart speaker. Apple software includes IOS operating system, iTune Media Player, macOS, Iwork, and safari web browser. The company online services include iTunes Store, Mac App Store, iOS App Store and Apple Music. The company was started in 1976 and is led by Tim Cook as the CEO and Arthur Levinson as the chairman ("Apple"). Apple Inc is a public company and is traded in Nasdaq as AAPL. The company stock price is $172.8 as at 4th April 2018. The company recorded revenue that amounted to US$229.234 billion in 2017 financial year. The company total equity was US$ 134.047 billion in 2017 FY. The company revenue increased from $170.87billion in 2013 FY to $228.57 billion in 2017 FY. The net income increased from $37.04 billion in 2013 FY to $48.35 billion in 2017 FY. Apple Inc main competitor is Hewlette Packard Company (HP Ltd). HP Ltd is a multinational company that specializes in developing hardware components, software, and related consumer services related to technology. Their products include personal computers, tablets, and printers, networking hardware, data storage devices and designing software. The company trades as HPE in the NYSE. The company stock price is $17.20 as at 4th April 2018. HP Ltd recorded a decrease in revenue from $57.33 billion in 2013FY to $28.94 billion ("Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co."). The past peak and trough for 52 weeks were $19.48 and $12.70 respectively. The company also recorded a decrease in income from $2.05billion in 2013FY to $436 in 2017 FY ("Hewlett Packard Enterprise's Net Revenue 2011-2017 | Statistic"). There are many reasons to buy Apple stock shares. First, Apple Inc is earning high revenues that equivalent to a country GDP of US$ 229 billion. Consumers perception to Apple Products as of high quality, latest technology, and unique features drive the companys revenue high. The revenues are also in an upward graph. The company also earned $48 billion profits for 2017 FY. This shows that the company shares will earn high dividends. Secondly, Apple is a market leader in technology hardware devices and software. The company enjoys a powerful competitive advantage that will enable the company to increase its profit margins above it competitors. This will increase the capital returns on investments. Lastly, Apple is an attractive valuation. The company is likely to remain as the top trading technological company. The company has a wide customer base and is perceived to have best products in terms of quality and technology advancement. This shows that the company will continue to attract new customers that will increase it sales. In addition, the company share price is affordable (not overpriced) and its expected to boom in the near future. The past peak for Apple in 52 weeks is $183.50 while the trough has been $140.06. The variance between peak and trough is $43.44. The stock prices are likely to increase value by 6% or lose value by 19%. Conclusion From the write- up, different companies have different trends in terms of performance that can be used to make investment decisions. It is also evident that financial performance is not the only determinant of making decision to buy share because of other factors that impact companys ability to make financial gains. Tesla Motors has the highest placed stock price of $299 while Alibaba the least with $172.07. Tesla Company stock prices are facing bull market situation. According to past peak and trough, Apple Inc stock price are the most stable, followed by Tesla Motors and then Alibaba. It is therefore recommendable to invest at Apple Inc as the first priority then Alibaba Group Holdings. References "Apple".Apple, 2018, https://www.apple.com/. Accessed 6 Apr 2018. Online Chandra, Prasanna.Investment analysis and portfolio management. McGraw-Hill Education, 2017. Print "Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co.".Marketwatch.Com, 2018, https://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/hpe/financials. Accessed 6 Apr 2018. Online "Hewlett Packard Enterprise's Net Revenue 2011-2017 | Statistic".Statista, 2018, https://www.statista.com/statistics/518394/hewlett-packard-enterprise-net-revenue/. Accessed 6 Apr 2018.Online Nofsinger, John R.The psychology of investing. Routledge, 2017. Print Kim, E., Kim, H., Li, B., Lu, Y. and Shi, X. Equity Offerings, Technology Investiments, And Employee Skill Composition".SSRN Electronic Journal, 2018.Elsevier BV, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3115902. Print Luthans, Fred, Carolyn M. Youssef, and Bruce J. Avolio.Psychological capital and beyond. Oxford University Press, USA, 2015. Print McPhee, Stuart. Trading in A Nutshell. John Wiley Sons, 2011.: 149-156. Print Yuniningsih, Yuniningsih, Sugeng Widodo, and Muh Barid Nizarudin Wajdi. "An analysis of Decision Making in the Stock Investment."Economic: Journal of Economic and Islamic Law8.2 (2017): 122-128. Print

Old Testament ch 1-9 Flashcard

Old Testament ch 1-9

How to make homemade ice cream Essay Example

How to make homemade ice cream Essay Example How to make homemade ice cream Essay How to make homemade ice cream Essay Have you ever wanted to try making your own homemade Ice cream? Have you not done It Just because you thought you needed an Ice cream machine to do It? Well, there are a few different ways to make homemade ice cream without an ice cream maker. All you need is a handful of ingredients, the proper utensils, and a little time. One fast and easy way to make homemade ice cream is by making it in a plastic bag. Another way you can do this requires the use of a stove and the correct cooking utensils. Each way is simple, but depending on the materials you have one will be easier to do than the other. If you dont have a lot of time and want a quick snack In no time you can make the Ice cream with the plastic bag method. If you want more ice cream and have time, the proper cooking utensils, and a stove you can use this other cooking method. Making ice cream can give you something to do when youre bored, hungry for a snack, or want to try something new. Making your own ice cream can save you money and you can show these different methods to your friends, family, or children. It can be an enjoyable activity and the end results are amazing. The Ice cream Is delicious and satisfying. These processes take Just a short time to do ND are simple and easy to complete. Using the plastic bag method is easy enough for almost anyone to do, even young children. The stove method is a little more advanced and not recommended for young children unless accompanied by an adult. Weve decided to give you a couple different ways to make your own homemade Ice cream because we know people may have the proper materials to make It one way, but maybe not the other. The bag method Is simpler and can be something fun to do with your friends, whereas the stove method may produce higher quality ice cream and be something youd do to challenge yourself in the itched. Ingredients/Materials: 1/2 cup milk (whole or 2% work best) or half and half 1/2 cup heavy cream (optional) 1/2 teaspoon vanilla 1 tablespoon sugar 4 cups Ice cubes or crushed Ice 4 tablespoons salt 2 quart-sized plastic food storage bags 1 gallon-sized plastic food storage bag A hand towel or winter gloves How to Make It: In one of the quart-sized bags combine the milk, sugar, and vanilla (and heavy cream if you want). Carefully squeeze as much air out of the bag as possible and seal it tightly. Excess air in the bag could cause it to open during the mixing process, which wouldnt be good. Put the bag of ingredients you just combined into the other quart- sized bag. Squeeze the air out of this bag as well and seal it. By double-bagging, there Is less of a chance of salt and water leaking Into your ice cream. Next, put the quart-sized bags Inside the gallon sized bag. It Is best to use a gallon-sized freezer and less likely to be punctured or torn open while making the ice cream. Once you have the smaller bags in the larger bag, add the ice and salt into the larger bag, covering and surrounding the small bags. You can use table salt for this, though Kosher or rock salt will work better for you. Squeeze the air out of this bag and seal it tightly. Elf youre using a towel wrap the towel around the bag. If not, put your gloves on. Then, shake and massage the mixture. Continue doing this until the ice cream is at the consistency you want. This will take about five to ten minutes to do. You can then remove the quart-sized bags from the gallon-sized bag and eat your ice cream. You may want to rinse the outer quart-sized bag to be sure the salt is off it and doesnt get into your ice cream. You can then eat your treat right out of the bag, put it into a bowl, or enjoy it in a cone.

Medicare Part A and Part B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medicare Part A and Part B - Essay Example To reflect this fact, all the calculations found below will have to incorporate a value (the national large urban standardized amount and the labor related large urban standardized amount, for example) to correctly calculate the claims. There is also a geographic cost adjustment factor, which in this case needs to be relevant to San Francisco, which needs to be incorporated into calculations to ensure that the costs incurred by Medicare are relevant to the treatment area in which the patient lives. Of course, the wages received in this area will be different to in other areas of the US and these are also incorporated into the federal operating payment incurred. The skilled nursing facility is also in this area and thus will be subject to the same kind of geographic adjustment as the General Hospital claim. In this case, San Francisco is one of the more expensive areas of the US in which to be treated (Medicare, 2010) and as such the costs will reflect this fact and may seem excessive to someone receiving the same treatment in a rural area in a smaller hospital. Firstly, the federal operating payment with IME and DSH needed to be calculated.

Assignment and Journal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

And Journal - Assignment Example Leadership is a critical element of change that requires consideration in achieving this goal. For this reason, the role of school authorities is essential in transforming schools into professional learning communities. Specialists relate various activities to the process of attaining PLC’s, they include; an assurance that students learn, existence of a culture of collaboration, focusing on results and hard work and commitment. All these are necessary in achieving this goal, and they go hand in hand. This paper analyzes implementation of these activities in an organization setting, the outcomes of this collaboration and its benefit on the organization. The discussion to the above issues appears below. To begin with, implementation of these activities is significant in getting a PLC. For instance, the process of ensuring that students learn is attainable in many ways. Teachers in a school should give required attention to every student depending on their abilities. There are re markable differences between an educated student and a learned student (Graham & Ferriter, 2009).Education concerns going through the curriculum while learning is the process, which result to full capacity to employ an idea in solving real life issues. Learning, therefore, results into a professional learning community. ... The organization also needs to focus on the results. This is achievable by ensuring all workers understand overall requirements and direct their efforts towards their attainment. The benefits, which accrue to, an organization by implementing such activities, are tremendous. Having a professional learning community ensures an all rounded product. Such institutions equip students enabling their survival in the outside world once through with the curriculum. Learning, for instance, is necessary for societal development. The school or organization should not only focus their attention on completing curriculum, but also on the product in the making. The benefit this has on a student is the ability it instills on them enabling them to tackle various life challenges with ease (Graham & Ferriter, 2009).Learning comes with experience, and is a slow event which requires time to accomplish. Collaboration, on the other hand, benefits the organization in that it allows corporation and acceptance of responsibilities. In this way, people own problems and no one appears burdened. In addition, results also benefit the organization. The primary motivator of behavior is an achievement of results. For this reason, it is imperative to consider concentrating everyone’s efforts to attaining such results. This collaboration has several outcomes, mostly positives. Individuals in an organization corporate, and concentrate their efforts towards achieving set objectives. Moreover, it ensures people shoulder each other’s burdens, which is also, essential in developing a professional learning community. In conclusion, the process of developing a professional learning community is essential in societal development. Not only does it ensure that students learn and gain

Qualitative Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Qualitative Report - Essay Example amatic in content that extremely fascinated media so much so that role of media in celebrities’ lives became a highly contentious issue with the privacy of the individuals as well as with the ethical proprieties of media. The recent legal separation of the royal couple had given a whole new twist to the hitherto fairy tale romance of the world’s most renowned couples. The interview thus, was an important event that had provoked a mixed response for different people and had held a especial significance for the Princess and British Monarchy at large. Therefore, analysis of the interview is a way to understand the complexities of the lives of the celebrities and try to interpret their actions in the wider ramifications of the public-private interests. The interview is given at a time when the Princess was undergoing turbulent period in her private life and she needed to clarify her stand on a number of issues so that she could get some space to sort out her public-private life. The report would facilitate the general public and media to understand the Princess Diana as another human being, possessing feelings and sensitivities as the next person. The report would also help to analyse the compulsions of the public duties and image of the celebrities and the burden that puts on their private lives. Interview of Princess Diana by Martin Bashir on BBC1 Panorama on 20 November, 1995, has huge relevance for gathering useful data regarding the life and style of the celebrities who have significant impact on the public opinion. The interview is also an important way to gauge the extent of involvement of the individual and the impact of the circumstantial events on the person. Princess Diana had been one of the most prolific personalities of the world whose personal charisma had gone beyond the precinct of social constraints of her royal status and created an unprecedented niche amongst the masses. The analysis of the interview is primarily focused on the public private

Methods And Mechanism Used To Protect Business Interests Commerce Essay

Methods And Mechanism Used To Protect Business Interests Commerce Essay According to investopedia, government actions and policies that restrict or restrain international trade, often done with the intent of protecting local businesses and jobs from foreign competition. Typical methods of protectionism are import tariffs, quotas, subsidies or tax cuts to local businesses and direct state intervention. Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between states through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, and a variety of other government regulations designed to discourage imports and prevent foreign take-over of domestic markets and companies (source: Wikipedia). Protectionism, policy of protecting domestic industries against foreign competition by means of tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, or other restrictions or handicaps placed on imports of foreign competitors. (source: Britannica Encyclopedia) PROTECTION OF LOCAL INDUSTRIES Why do nations impede free trade when the inhibition is irrational? One reason why governments interfere with free marketing is to protect local industries, often at the expense of local consumers as well as consumers worldwide. Regulations are created to keep out or hamper the entry of foreign-made products. Arguments for the protection of local industries usually take one of the following forms: Keeping money at home Reducing unemployment Equalizing cost and price Enhancing national security Protecting infant industry Keeping Money at Home Trade unions and protectionists often argue that international trade will lead to an outflow of money, making foreigners richer and local people poorer. This argument is based on fallacy of regarding money as the sole indicators of wealth. Other assets, even products, can also be indicators of wealth. Also, this protectionist argument assumes that foreigners receive money without having to give something of value in return. Whether local consumers buy locally made products or foreign products, they will have to spend money to pay for such products. Reducing Unemployment It is a standard practice for trade unions and politicians to attack imports and international trade in name of job protection. The argument is based on the assumption that import reduction will create more demand for local products and subsequently create more jobs. Equalizing Cost and Price Some protectionists attempt to justify their actions by invoking economic theory. They argue that foreign goods have lower prices because of lower production costs. Therefore, trade barriers are needed to make prices of imported products less competitive and local items more competitive. Enhancing National Security Protectionists often present themselves as patriots. They usually claim that a nation should be self-sufficient and even willing to pay for inefficiency in order to enhance national security. Opponents of protectionism however dismiss appeals to national security. A nation can never be completely self-sufficient because raw materials are not found in the same proportion in all areas of the world. Protecting infant industry The necessity to protect an infant industry is perhaps the most credible argument for protectionist measures. Some industries need to be protected until they become viable. Here South Korea serves as a good example. It has performed well by selectively protecting infant industries for export purpose. (Source: adopted from Sak Onkvisit, John J.Shaw, International Marketing: Analysis and Strategy) Reasons for protectionism: (source: adopted from econessays.com) 1. Infant industry argument: small firms need to be protected so as to have time to expand and gain economies of scale so as to be able to compete on an international basis later on. However so far this has happened only in big industries such as the steel industry and it gives a motive for firms to remain lazy because they know they dont have to compete on an international level e.g. steel industry in the USA. 2. Dumping to prevent firms from selling goods at a loss to destroy the domestic industry. By allowing free trade there is guarantee for low prices indefinitely because the moment one firm becomes inefficient more efficient ones will enter the market and take it away. 3. Raise revenue for the government through tariffs. 4. Prevent overspecialization and diseconomies of scale in other words over production in a country due to the need to export goods because this will also lead to misallocation of resources which is what we are trying to prevent by free trade. 5. To remove a balance of payments deficit without however tackling the problem at its root this is inefficiency. Non-economic reason for protectionism: 1. Strategic interests: some industries such as the defense industry are better to be kept domestic. For example a country cant depend on others for it weapons industry because in the case of war it would be left unarmed. 2. Political reasons: lack of willingness to trade due to political differences. For example China and Japan dont trade due to political disputes. 3. Prevention of the import of demerit goods such as tobacco and alcohol. 4. Way of life and maintenance of traditional way of living. 5. Protection against low wage economies: some countries gain comparative advantage by offering lower wages. For example people are imposing trade restrictions on China because it underpays its workers and thus no other economy has the ability to compete with her. Alternative for protectionism: 1. Offering subsidies to producers, which is an unpopular alternative because the money will have to be raised through taxes. 2. Free trade area: free trade between member countries; members charge whatever tariffs they wish towards non-member countries. Examples of these are CAFTA, LAFTA, and NAFTA etc. 3. Customs union: free trade between member countries; members must charge a common external tariff against non-member countries. The EU is the only existing such example. Policies of Protectionism A variety of policies have been claimed to achieve protectionist goals. These include: Tariffs: Typically, tariffs (or taxes) are imposed on imported goods. Tariff rates usually vary according to the type of goods imported. Import tariffs will increase the cost to importers, and increase the price of imported goods in the local markets, thus lowering the quantity of goods imported. Tariffs may also be imposed on exports, and in an economy with floating exchange rates, export tariffs have similar effects as import tariffs. However, since export tariffs are often perceived as hurting local industries, while import tariffs are perceived as helping local industries, export tariffs are seldom implemented. Import quotas: To reduce the quantity and therefore increase the market price of imported goods. The economic effects of an import quota are similar to that of a tariff, except that the tax revenue gain from a tariff will instead be distributed to those who receive import licenses. Economists often suggest that import licenses be auctioned to the highest bidder, or that import quotas be replaced by an equivalent tariff. Administrative barriers: Countries are sometimes accused of using their various administrative rules (e.g. regarding food safety, environmental standards, electrical safety, etc.) as a way to introduce barriers to imports. Anti-dumping legislation: Supporters of anti-dumping laws argue that they prevent dumping of cheaper foreign goods that would cause local firms to close down. However, in practice, anti-dumping laws are usually used to impose trade tariffs on foreign exporters. Direct subsidies: Government subsidies (in the form of lump-sum payments or cheap loans) are sometimes given to local firms that cannot compete well against foreign imports. These subsidies are purported to protect local jobs, and to help local firms adjust to the world markets. Export subsidies: Export subsidies are often used by governments to increase exports. Export subsidies are the opposite of export tariffs, exporters are paid a percentage of the value of their exports. Export subsidies increase the amount of trade, and in a country with floating exchange rates, have effects similar to import subsidies. Exchange rate manipulation: A government may intervene in the foreign exchange market to lower the value of its currency by selling its currency in the foreign exchange market. Doing so will raise the cost of imports and lower the cost of exports, leading to an improvement in its trade balance. However, such a policy is only effective in the short run, as it will most likely lead to inflation in the country, which will in turn raise the cost of exports, and reduce the relative price of imports. International patent systems: There is an argument for viewing national patent systems as a cloak for protectionist trade policies at a national level. Two strands of this argument exist: one when patents held by one country form part of a system of exploitable relative advantage in trade negotiations against another and a second where adhering to a worldwide system of patents confers good citizenship status despite de facto protectionism. (Source: Protectionist Policies, Wikipedia) SOURCE: International marketing strategy: analysis, development and implementationBy Isobel Doole, Robin Lowe Non-tariff barriers to trade  (NTBs) are  trade barriers  that restrict  imports  but are not in the usual form of a  tariff. Some common examples of NTBs are anti-dumping  measures and  countervailing duties, which, although they are called non-tariff barriers, have the effect of tariffs once they are enacted. Their use has risen sharply after the WTO rules led to a very significant reduction in tariff use. Some non-tariff trade barriers are expressly permitted in very limited circumstances, when they are deemed necessary to protect health, safety, or sanitation, or to protect depletable natural resources. In other forms, they are criticized as a means to evade  free trade  rules such as those of the  World Trade Organization(WTO), the  European Union  (EU), or  North American Free Trade Agreement  (NAFTA) that restrict the use of tariffs. Some of non-tariff barriers are not directly related to foreign economic regulations, but nevertheless they have a significant impact on foreign-economic activity and foreign trade between countries. Trade between countries is referred to trade in goods, services and factors of production. Non-tariff barriers to trade include import quotas, special licenses, unreasonable standards for the quality of goods, bureaucratic delays at customs, export restrictions, limiting the activities of state trading, export subsidies,  countervailing duties, technical barriers to trade, sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures, rules of origin, etc.  Sometimes in this list they include macroeconomic measures affecting trade. Six Types of Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade Specific Limitations on Trade: Quotas Import  Licensing  requirements Proportion restrictions of foreign to domestic goods (local content requirements) Minimum import price limits Embargoes Customs and Administrative Entry Procedures: Valuation systems Antidumping  practices Tariff classifications Documentation requirements Fees Standards: Standard disparities Intergovernmental acceptances of testing methods and standards Packaging, labeling, and marking Government Participation in Trade: Government procurement policies Export subsidies Countervailing duties Domestic assistance programs Charges on imports: Prior import deposit subsidies Administrative fees Special supplementary duties Import credit discriminations Variable levies Border taxes Others: Voluntary export restraints Orderly marketing agreements Examples of Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade Non-tariff barriers to trade can be: Import bans General or product-specific quotas Rules of Origin Quality conditions imposed by the importing country on the exporting countries Sanitary and phyto-sanitary conditions Packaging conditions Labeling conditions Product standards Complex regulatory environment Determination of eligibility of an exporting country by the importing country Determination of eligibility of an exporting establishment(firm, company) by the importing country. Additional trade documents like Certificate of Origin, Certificate of Authenticity Occupational safety and health  regulation Employment law Import licenses State  subsidies, procurement, trading,  state ownership Export subsidies Fixation of a minimum import price Product classification Quota shares Foreign exchange market  controls and multiplicity Inadequate  infrastructure Buy national policy Over-valued currency Intellectual property  laws (patents,  copyrights) Restrictive licenses Seasonal import regimes Corrupt and/or lengthy customs procedures Types of Non-Tariff Barriers There are several different variants of division of non-tariff barriers. Some scholars divide between internal taxes, administrative barriers, health and sanitary regulations and government procurement policies. Others divide non-tariff barriers into more categories such as specific limitations on trade, customs and administrative entry procedures, standards, government participation in trade, charges on import, and other categories. We choose traditional classification of non-tariff barriers, according to which they are divided into 3 principal categories. The first category includes methods to directly import restrictions for protection of certain sectors of national industries: licensing and allocation of import quotas, antidumping and countervailing duties, import deposits, so-called voluntary export restraints, countervailing duties, the system of minimum import prices, etc. Under second category follow methods that are not directly aimed at restricting foreign trade and more related to the administrative bureaucracy, whose actions, however, restrict trade, for example: customs procedures, technical standards and norms, sanitary and veterinary standards, requirements for labeling and packaging, bottling, etc. The third category consists of methods that are not directly aimed at restricting the import or promoting the export, but the effects of which often lead to this result. The non-tariff barriers can include wide variety of restrictions to trade. Here are some example of the popular NTBs. Licenses The most common instruments of direct regulation of imports (and sometimes export) are licenses and quotas. Almost all industrialized countries apply these non-tariff methods. The license system requires that a state (through specially authorized office) issues permits for foreign trade transactions of import and export commodities included in the lists of licensed merchandises. Product licensing can take many forms and procedures. The main types of licenses are general license that permits unrestricted importation or exportation of goods included in the lists for a certain period of time; and one-time license for a certain product importer (exporter) to import (or export). One-time license indicates a quantity of goods, its cost, its country of origin (or destination), and in some cases also customs point through which import (or export) of goods should be carried out. The use of licensing systems as an instrument for foreign trade regulation is based on a number of international le vel standards agreements. In particular, these agreements include some provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures, concluded under the GATT (GATT). Quotas Licensing of foreign trade is closely related to quantitative restrictions quotas on imports and exports of certain goods. A quota is a limitation in value or in physical terms, imposed on import and export of certain goods for a certain period of time. This category includes global quotas in respect to specific countries, seasonal quotas, and so-called voluntary export restraints. Quantitative controls on foreign trade transactions carried out through one-time license. Quantitative restriction on imports and exports is a direct administrative form of government regulation of foreign trade. Licenses and quotas limit the independence of enterprises with a regard to entering foreign markets, narrowing the range of countries, which may be entered into transaction for certain commodities, regulate the number and range of goods permitted for import and export. However, the system of licensing and quota imports and exports, establishing firm control over foreign trade in certain goods, in many cases turns out to be more flexible and effective than economic instruments of foreign trade regulation. This can be explained by the fact, that licensing and quota systems are an important instrument of trade regulation of the vast majority of the world. Agreement on a voluntary export restraint In the past decade, a widespread practice of concluding agreements on the voluntary export restrictions and the establishment of import minimum prices imposed by leading Western nations upon weaker in economical or political sense exporters. The specifics of these types of restrictions is the establishment of unconventional techniques when the trade barriers of importing country, are introduced at the border of the exporting and not importing country. Thus, the agreement on voluntary export restraints is imposed on the exporter under the threat of sanctions to limit the export of certain goods in the importing country. Similarly, the establishment of minimum import prices should be strictly observed by the exporting firms in contracts with the importers of the country that has set such prices. In the case of reduction of export prices below the minimum level, the importing country imposes anti-dumping duty which could lead to withdrawal from the market. Voluntary export agreements af fect trade in textiles, footwear, dairy products, consumer electronics, cars, machine tools, etc. Problems arise when the quotas are distributed between countries, because it is necessary to ensure that products from one country are not diverted in violation of quotas set out in second country. Import quotas are not necessarily designed to protect domestic producers. For example, Japan, maintains quotas on many agricultural products it does not produce. Quotas on imports is a leverage when negotiating the sales of Japanese exports, as well as avoiding excessive dependence on any other country in respect of necessary food, supplies of which may decrease in case of bad weather or political conditions. Export quotas can be set in order to provide domestic consumers with sufficient stocks of goods at low prices, to prevent the depletion of natural resources, as well as to increase export prices by restricting supply to foreign markets. Such restrictions (through agreements on various types of goods) allow producing countries to use quotas for such commodities as coffee and oil; as the result, prices for these products increased in importing countries. Embargo Embargo is a specific type of quotas prohibiting the trade. As well as quotas, embargoes may be imposed on imports or exports of particular goods, regardless of destination, in respect of certain goods supplied to specific countries, or in respect of all goods shipped to certain countries. Although the embargo is usually introduced for political purposes, the consequences, in essence, could be economic. Standards Standards take a special place among non-tariff barriers. Countries usually impose standards on classification, labeling and testing of products in order to be able to sell domestic products, but also to block sales of products of foreign manufacture. These standards are sometimes entered under the pretext of protecting the safety and health of local populations. Administrative and bureaucratic delays at the entrance Among the methods of non-tariff regulation should be mentioned administrative and bureaucratic delays at the entrance which increase uncertainty and the cost of maintaining inventory. Import deposits Another example of foreign trade regulations is import deposits. Import deposits is a form of deposit, which the importer must pay the bank for a definite period of time (non-interest bearing deposit) in an amount equal to all or part of the cost of imported goods. At the national level, administrative regulation of capital movements is carried out mainly within a framework of bilateral agreements, which include a clear definition of the legal regime, the procedure for the admission of investments and investors. It is determined by mode (fair and equitable, national, most-favored-nation), order of nationalization and compensation, transfer profits and capital repatriation and dispute resolution. Foreign exchange restrictions and foreign  exchange controls Foreign exchange restrictions and foreign exchange controls occupy a special place among the non-tariff regulatory instruments of foreign economic activity. Foreign exchange restrictions constitute the regulation of transactions of residents and nonresidents with currency and other currency values. Also an important part of the mechanism of control of foreign economic activity is the establishment of the national currency against foreign currencies. The transition from tariffs to non-tariff barriers One of the reasons why industrialized countries have moved from tariffs to NTBs is the fact that developed countries have sources of income other than tariffs. Historically, in the formation of nation-states, governments had to get funding. They received it through the introduction of tariffs. This explains the fact that most developing countries still rely on tariffs as a way to finance their spending. Developed countries can afford not to depend on tariffs, at the same time developing NTBs as a possible way of international trade regulation. The second reason for the transition to NTBs is that these tariffs can be used to support weak industries or compensation of industries, which have been affected negatively by the reduction of tariffs. The third reason for the popularity of NTBs is the ability of interest groups to influence the process in the absence of opportunities to obtain government support for the tariffs. Non-tariff barriers today With the exception of export subsidies and quotas, NTBs are most similar to the tariffs. Tariffs for goods production were reduced during the eight rounds of negotiations in the WTO and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). After lowering of tariffs, the principle of protectionism demanded the introduction of new NTBs such as technical barriers to trade (TBT). According to statements made at United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD, 2005), the use of NTBs, based on the amount and control of price levels has decreased significantly from 45% in 1994 to 15% in 2004, while use of other NTBs increased from 55% in 1994 to 85% in 2004. Increasing consumer demand for safe and environment friendly products also have had their impact on increasing popularity of TBT. Many NTBs are governed by WTO agreements, which originated in the Uruguay Round (the TBT Agreement, SPS Measures Agreement, the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing), as well as GATT articles. NTBs in the field of services have become as important as in the field of usual trade. Most of the NTB can be defined as protectionist measures, unless they are related to difficulties in the market, such as externalities and information asymmetries information asymmetries between consumers and producers of goods. An example of this is safety standards and labeling requirements. The need to protect sensitive to import industries, as well as a wide range of trade restrictions, available to the governments of industrialized countries, forcing them to resort to use the NTB, and putting serious obstacles to international trade and world economic growth. Thus, NTBs can be referred as a new of protection which has replaced tariffs as an old form of protection. CASE 1: A case for good protectionism Bharat Jhunjhunwala (source: The Hindu Business Line) THE defeat of the NDA Government and the victory of the Congress (I) supported by the Left is one more symptom of the growing worldwide backlash against globalization. White- collar workers in industrial countries are losing their jobs to the cheap labor of India and China. Services, such as research, are now being outsourced because scientists in the developing countries are cheaper. On the other hand, workers in the developing countries are finding that their wages are stagnant while inequality is rising. The belief was that free trade leads to efficient production and also forces domestic government to reduce corruption. This provides relief to the people. Else businessmen would have to pay money to local thugs and politicians to avoid trouble. Government officers would have to be bribed to run normal business. For instance, a boiler inspector can shut down a plant for 15 days on frivolous grounds. The money paid to politicians and officers by the businessman adds to the cost of production and raises the cost of his produce say, cloth to Rs 25 a metre instead of Rs 20. The cost of production of similar cloth in other countries having good governance, however, remains low because they do not have to bribe politicians and officers. The cost of other inputs, such as cotton, machines and chemicals, remains the same in all countries because of free trade. Cloth produced in another country can conquer Indian markets if the cost of production in that clean country is Rs 20 and is Rs 25 in corrupt India. Textile mills in India will have to down shutters. Ultimately, politicians will have to reduce the money they extract from the businessmen failing which they will be killing the goose that lays golden eggs. The same applies to inefficient businessmen. Globalization will force the Indian businessman to install latest looms in order to survive. This will provide good and cheap cloth to the Indian people. Globalization, indeed, begets clean governance and efficient production. The difficulty, however, is that free trade also works in the Labor market. Say, India and another country both have clean governments and the cost of production of cloth in both countries is Rs 20 a metre. The wage rate in the other country is Rs 80 per day. The Indian businessman will not be able to pay more than this rate to his workers as otherwise his cost of production will increase and he will be priced out of the market. The country paying lowest wages wins in free trade. Free trade leads to equalization of wages rates to their global lowest levels. This decline in wages nullifies the benefits from good governance and efficient production. No wonder workers in the industrial countries are opposing free trade and outsourcing. Software programmers are finding their wage rate declining as technology makes it possible to transfer huge amounts of data at the click of the mouse. The wage rates in most developing countries are also stagnant. Workers in East Asian countries are seeing their wage rates decline due to competition from the less paid Chinese workers. Free trade works as a two-edged sword. On the one hand, it leads to clean governance and efficient production but on the other it leads to lowering of wage rates to their global minimum. What is the solution to this problem? How can the benefits of free trade be secured while creating higher wages for the workers? Protectionism enables domestic prices to remain higher than the global prices. Such higher prices can be used to support corruption, inefficient production or higher wages. The solution comes from using protection not for corruption or inefficient production but for higher wages. Suppose India were to impose an additional tax of Rs 5 per metre on cloth imports. The price of cloth in the Indian market would become Rs 25 instead of Rs 20 earlier. This margin can be taken away by corrupt politicians and officers, or used to maintain inefficient production in obsolete mills, or to raise wages of the workers. The ability lies in avoiding the first two uses and promoting the third. If the government establishes, say, a system to trap corrupt politicians and officers, promotes domestic competition to avoid inefficient production, and implements policies that lead to higher wages, then this protectionism becomes pro-people. Free trade is necessarily anti-people because it leads to low wages even if it provides good governance and efficient production. Protectionism can possibly be pro-people if applied correctly. What about exports, though? It is possible to prevent cheap imports by imposing tariffs. But how will exports be made if the domestic wage rates are high? The solution is to use the receipts from import taxes to provide export subsidies to Labor-intensive products. The higher cost due to high wages can be neutralised by the subsidies. It is clear that free trade will not lead to the welfare of the people anywhere in the world. Protectionism makes it possible to secure peoples welfare but only if applied correctly. But bad protectionism that supports corruption is worse than free trade. The challenge is to embrace good protectionism. CASE 2 FREE TRADE OR PROTECTIONISM? The Case Against Trade Restrictions by Vincent H. Miller James R. Elwood (source: isil.org) The Lure of Protectionism   The argument for so-called protectionism (called fair trade by some) may at first sound appealing. Supporters of protectionist laws claim that keeping out foreign goods will save jobs, giving ailing domestic industries a chance to recover and prosper, and reduce the trade deficits. Are these claims valid? Protectionism: What It Costs   Classical Liberal philosopher John Stuart Mill astutely observed in the last century that Trade barriers are chiefly injurious to the countries imposing them. It is true today as it was then, for the following reasons: LOST JOBS: Protectionist laws raise taxes (tariffs) on imported goods and/or impose limits (quotas) on the amount of goods governments permit to enter into a country. They are laws that not only restrict the choice of consumer goods, but also contribute greatly both to the cost of goods and to the cost of doing business. So under protectionism you end up poorer, with less money for buying other things you want